STEALTH FIGHTER JET

The stealth fighters are the innovative designed fighter who will play major role in future conflict. This fighter is the major part of the airforce  of a country. Many countries of the world tries to developed this fighter and very few among them got this technology while others still tries to developed this fighter in order to strengthened their respective air force.

This kind of  aircraft are designed to avoid detection using a variety of technologies that reduce reflection/emission of radar, infrared, visible light, radio-frequency spectrum, and audio, collectively known as stealth technology

In actual practice there are no aircraft is totally invisible to radar .After the development of the 4th generation fighter aircraft  various country developed their electronics  warfare and avionics in order to make their fighter difficult to detect by enemy. Stealth fighter are typically more expensive to develop and manufacture also this fighter jet is difficult to design in order to minimize the radar cross section also it has many limitation in the field of aerodynamics. But in the modern era in the race of technology countries spend billions of dollar in order to make better fighter than the conventional fighter they have.  stealth aircraft make it more difficult for conventional radar to detect or track the aircraft effectively, increasing the odds of an aircraft successfully avoiding detection by enemy radar and/or avoiding being successfully targeted by radar guided weapons. Stealth is the combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as low-probability-of-intercept radars, radios and laser designators. These are usually combined with active measures such as carefully planning all mission maneuvers in order to minimize the aircraft's radar cross section, since common actions such as hard turns or opening bomb bay doors can more than double an otherwise stealthy aircraft's radar return. It is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft.This philosophy also takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft as these can also be used to locate it.

LIST OF STEALTH AIRCRAFT

In service

United States       F-35 Lightning II – Lockheed Martin / BAE Systems / Northrop Grumman

United States       B-2 Spirit – Northrop Grumman

United States       F-22 Raptor – Lockheed Martin / Boeing

ChinaChengdu    J-20 – Chengdu Aircraft Corporation

Retired

United States       F-117 Nighthawk – Lockheed Martin

Under development

RussiaSukhoi       Su-57 – Sukhoi

IndiaRussia          FGFA – Sukhoi / HAL

China                   Shenyang    J-31 – Shenyang Aircraft Corporation

India                    AMCA – ADA / HAL

Turkey                 TAI TFX – Turkish Aerospace Industries

Iran                      HESA Shafaq – HESA / IAMI

Iran                      IAIO Qaher-313 – Under development

Sweden               Flygsystem 2020 – Saab

Russia                 Mikoyan LMFS – Mikoyan

Russia                 PAK DA – Tupolev

United States      B-21 Raider – Northrop Grumman

China                  Xian H-20 - Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation

South KoreaIndonesia     KAI KF-X - Korea Aerospace Industries / Indonesian Aerospace

Cancelled

Argentina                 FMA SAIA 90 – Multirole fighter

Germany                  MBB Lampyridae – West German stealth fighter prototype

New Zealand            IML Addax – New Zealand multi role fighter prototype

United Kingdom      BAe P.1214 Harrier 2

United States            A-12 Avenger II – McDonnell-Douglas / General Dynamics

United States            Boeing X-32 – Boeing prototype

United States            YF-23 Black Widow II – Northrop / McDonnell Douglas prototype

United States            RAH-66 Comanche – Boeing Sikorsky

Technology demonstrators

United Kingdom       BAE Replica – BAE Systems

United States             YF-22 – Developed into F22 Raptor

United States             YF-23 Black Widow II – Northrop / McDonnell Douglas prototype

United States             Boeing Bird of Prey – Boeing

United States             Have Blue – Lockheed

Japan                         Mitsubishi X-2 – Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

United States             Northrop Tacit Blue – Northrop

Russia                        MiG 1.44 – Russian 5th generation fighter prototype

United States             X-35 – JSF winning contender developed into F-35 Lightning II

United States             X-32 – JSF losing contender

Accidental or secondary function reduced cross section designs

United Kingdom        Avro Vulcan – British strategic bomber with delta wing and buried engines that                                     gave an unplanned low radar cross-section

United States              B-1B Lancer – RCS to about 1.0 m2 

FranceDassault           Rafale – RCS to about 0.20–0.75 m2

United Kingdom         De Havilland Mosquito – Injection molded wood reduced radar detection

United KingdomGermanyItalySpain     Eurofighter Typhoon – RCS to about 0.25–0.75 m2

China                          Chengdu J-10B – Incorporates radar absorbent material

China                          Shenyang J-11 – B variants incorporates radar absorbent materials

China                          Shenyang J-15 – Incorporates radar absorbent material

China                          Shenyang J-16 – Incorporates radar absorbent material

Pakistan                      JF-17 Thunder – Incorporates DSI and Block II variants include radar                                                   absorbent material

United States              F-16C/D and E/F Fighting Falcon – from Block 30 has got reduced RCS to                                           about 1.2m2

United States              F/A-18E/F Super Hornet – The F/A-18E/F's radar cross section was reduced                                         greatly from some aspects, mainly the front and rear. RCS to about 20 dB                                             lower as a F18 C/D

United States              Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird – Skunkworks Blackbirds were first production                                           RCS aircraft; 1962 with CIA A-12, then later with SR-71, YF-12 and M-21                                           Blackbird series of aircraft

United States              McDonnell XP-67 – Blended wing surface reduced radar detection

Russia                         Mikoyan MiG-29K – Due to special coatings Mig-29K radar reflecting surface                                      is 4–5 times smaller than of basic MiG-29. RCS to about 0.60–0.75 m2 

Russia                         Sukhoi  Su-47 – Russian technology demonstrator

Russia                         Tupolev Tu-160M – upgraded bomber with RCS reduction features.

Nazi Germany            Messerschmitt Me 163B – rocket-powered point defence interceptor aircraft.

Poland                        PZL-230 Skorpion

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia      Novi Avion – Yugoslav prototype, designed to have a                                                                             features to lower its RADAR cross section

India                          HAL Tejas – Incorporates high degree of composites and radar absorbent                                              material and a Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor face from                                            probing radar waves.

via:wikipedia

Modernizing To Deter and Defeat Emerging Threats

The F-22 is the world’s most dominant fighter, but potential adversaries continue to develop capabilities intended to challenge the ability of U.S. and allied air forces to gain and maintain air superiority. With that in mind, Lockheed Martin is dedicated to working with the U.S. Air Force on a robust F-22 combat enhancement program to bolster the Raptor’s asymmetric advantage over current and potential adversaries. The capabilities of the F-22 Raptor remain essential to deter and defeat threats and ensure regional and global security well into the future.

Aircraft Specifications

Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ft / 18.90 m

Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16.67 ft / 5.08 m

Wingspan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 ft / 13.56 m

Wing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 ft2 / 78.04 m2

Horizontal Tail Span. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ft / 8.84 m

Engine Thrust Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000 lb / 15,876 kg

Via:Lockheed martin official website

Us developed this type fighter jet consisting of stealt technology . The F-22 Raptor is one among them .US army deployed this fighter in their air force but the production of this fighter is stopped now because of it`s cost per unit which is about 150million USD . This raptor is the most expensive fighter among the world .

CHINA claims that j-20 fighter jet which in the service of People`s liberation Army (PLA) also have this technology . The cost per unit of this fighter is about 110 million USD.

RUSSIA also testing their 5th generation fighter SU-57 which cost per unit almost 54 million USD  

HAL AMCA, India's fifth generation stealth fighter

India is independently developing a twin-engine fifth-generation supermaneuverable stealth multirole fighter, called the HAL Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). It is being developed and designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency and will be produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO defines AMCA as a "fifth-generation-plus platform". Unofficial design work on the AMCA began in 2008, while official work started in 2011 and finished in 2014.The first flight is scheduled to occur in 2023–2024.

Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin

Japan is developing a prototype of a stealth jet fighter called the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin, previously referred to as the ATD-X. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Japan, seeking to replace its aging fleet of fighter aircraft, began making overtures to the United States on the topic of purchasing F-22 fighters for their own forces.

Concept design of the TAI TFX

In 2011 Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii AŞ (Turkish Aerospace Industries or TAI) initiated a $20 million concept design phase for a fifth-generation air-to-air fighter, TAI TFX. During a State visit of the President of Turkey to Sweden on 13 March 2013, TAI signed an agreement with Sweden's Saab AB to provide design support services to Turkey for the TAI TFX program. TAI has stated that the program will cost $120 billion (with engine development)

Another project of India is the Sukhoi/HAL Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA), which is a fifth-generation jet fighter being developed together by India and Russia. It is a derivative project of the Sukhoi Su-57 being developed for the Russian Air Force. FGFA was the earlier designation for the Indian version, while the combined project is now called the Perspective Multi-Role Fighter (PMF).The completed FGFA will include a total of 43 improvements over the Su-57, including stealth, supercruise, advanced sensors, networking and combat avionics. however the project is already four years due to multiple issue.

IMAGE CREDIT:wikipedia and lockheed martin official website

FUTURE OF WEAPON SYSTEM

This is the future of weapon system.A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon system that inflicts damage at a target by emission of highly focused energy.

This new weapon release the elementary particle photons.As the speed of the photon is that of the speed of the light so the narrow beam of focused light that this weapon use is entirely invisible.This narrow beam can hit the target and burn it to a temperature of thousand degree.

   

The Laser Weapon System (LaWS) aboard USS Ponce.
Type Directed-energy weapon
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service 2014–present
Used by US Navy
Production history
Designed 2010–14
Manufacturer Kratos Defense & Security Solutions
No. built 1

The US-Israeli Tactical High Energy weapon has been used to shoot down rockets and artillery shells.
IMAGE CREDIT:US NAVY
“It operates in an invisible part of the electromagnetic spectrum so you don’t see the beam, it doesn’t make any sound, it’s completely silent and it’s incredibly effective at what it does,” Lieutenant Cale Hughes, the laser weapons system officer aboard the USS Ponce told CNN.

“I can aim that at any particular spot on a target, and disable and destroy as necessary,” said the commanding officer of the USS Ponce, Captain Christopher Wells. “It reduces collateral damage — I no longer have to worry about rounds that may go beyond the target and potentially hurt or damage things that I don’t want to hurt or damage.”

Lasers are primarily intended for short-range defense (one to five miles) against aircraft, drones, and small boats.  Second-generation laser weapons systems are currently under development intended to take on faster targets such as incoming ballistic missiles.

Unlike a traditional gun, a laser never runs out of bullets given that it has an infinite magazine as long as it is connected to a power source.  Furthermore, in comparison to missile-based defensive systems firing a laser is cheap. “It’s about a dollar a shot,” according to Hughes. The SM-6, the U.S. Navy’s latest missile interceptor designed to engage the most advanced anti-ship cruise missiles, comes in at around $4 million per shot.
Russia, China,India, and the United Kingdom are also developing directed-energy weapons.

 ANATOMY OF A LASER WEAPON SYSTEM

via:lockheed Martin official website

LASER
MAGNIFYING GLASS EFFECT

Heats up a target to the point of break-down or loss of control through a powerful beam of photons

INTEGRATING STRUCTURE
FOR LAND, AIR OR SEA

Contains the system based on where and how it will be used. Will it be in a container?on a ship? sit by itself somwhere remote?

POWER SUPPLY
UNLIMITED BULLETS

Supplies power and removes excess heat so the laser can be deployed again and again

SYSTEM CONTROL
BRAINS OF THE OPERATION

Provides overarching command and control and is responsible for system status as well as the interface within a larger battle management framework

BEAM DIRECTOR & TURRET
360-DEGREE COVERAGE

Positions the laser to permit operation in any direction

BEAM CONTROL
20/20 VISION

Enables accurate aim and targeting through a series of optical lenses, mirrors and software algorithms

                                                                     

       

ROBO-BEE

"RoboBee" is an aerial-to-aquatic robot that weighs just six-thousandths of an ounce (175 milligrams). These bots were first reported in 2014 in the journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, when — after 12 years of trying — Harvard roboticists finally got the tiny, fly-inspired devices to flutter. Since then, they've been adding functions. Now, they've made a robot that can swim and fly.

The goal of the RoboBee project is to make a fully autonomous swarm of flying robots for applications such as search and rescue and artificial pollination. To make this feasible, researchers need to figure out how to get power supply and decision making functions, which are currently supplied to the robot via a tiny tether, on board.


RoboBee's wingspan is 3 centimeters (1.2 in), which is believed to be the smallest man-made wingspan to achieve flight. The wings can flap 120 times per second and be controlled remotely in real time. Each RoboBee weighs 80 milligrams (0.0028 oz).


"This is the first microrobot capable of repeatedly moving in and through complex environments," Yufeng Chen, who co-authored a paper describing the new technology while a graduate student at Harvard University. "We designed new mechanisms that allow the vehicle to directly transition from water to air, something that is beyond what nature can achieve in the insect world." [7 Cool Animal-Inspired Technologies]

Modified BeeBot

The challenge of making this transition had to do with the viscosity of water versus air. RoboBee needed to be able to alter its wing-flapping rate so that it could flutter much faster in air than in water. (If the wings tried to flutter as fast in water as they needed for flight, they'd break off due to the greater viscosity of water.) The wing size also had to be appropriate for both mediums.

The researchers ended up developing a bot that can switch from flapping at a frequency of about 300 hertz in the air to only around 13 hertz in the water.

The bee robot also needed to be able to get out of the water again. This proved tricky, because the surface tension of the water — the forces that hold water molecules to each other — easily overwhelmed the tiny robot, which is about the size of a paperclip. To power it through, the researchers added four outrigger floats, which kept the robot buoyant at the surface. They also equipped it with a central electrolyte plate that can convert water into oxyhydrogen. This oxyhydrogen acts as a fuel that blasts the bot out of the water onto the nearest solid surface.

"By modifying the vehicle design, we are now able to lift more than three times the payload of the previous RoboBee," Chen said.

Multifunctional microbots

The RoboBee can't fly immediately after leaving the water because it lacks onboard sensors that tell it what medium it's in and doesn't yet have sufficient motion-tracking for the fast feedback needed for self-control. The team plans to add these features in future iterations.

"While flying, the robot feels as if it is treading water; while swimming, it feels like it is surrounded by molasses," Wood said in a statement. "The force from surface tension feels like an impenetrable wall. These small robots give us the opportunity to explore these non-intuitive phenomena in a very rich way."

Inspired by the biology of a fly, with submillimeter-scale anatomy and two wafer-thin wings that flap at 120 times per second, robotic insects, or RoboBees, achieve vertical takeoff, hovering, and steering. The tiny robots flap their wings using piezoelectric actuators — strips of ceramic that expand and contract when an electric field is applied. Thin hinges of plastic embedded within a carbon fiber body frame serve as joints, and a delicately balanced control system commands the rotational motions in the flapping-wing robot, with each wing controlled independently in real-time. Applications of RoboBees could include distributed environmental monitoring, search-and-rescue operations, and assistance with crop pollination. Credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University.

The new research appeared in the journal Science Robotics on Oct. 25

you can watch videos on youtube (use the following link)
https://youtu.be/dEbLeuUIaHI
https://youtu.be/4xuIErOk2h0

[GI-FI TECHNOLOGY

GI-FI is abbreviated as Gigabit Fidelity or Gigabit wireless.It consists of a chip which has 60 GHz configuration and the facility to deliver short range multi -gigabit data transfer in a local environment and ten times faster as compared to other technologies such as Wi-Fi ,bluetooth etc.

specification authority:NICTA(National Information and Communications Technology  Australia Ltd)

     GI-FI:
INTRODUCTION:
*Gigabit wireless technology operates on 60GHz
*GI-FI allows wireless transfers of audio and data upto 5giga bit per second
*GI-FI is ten times the current maximum wireless transfer within a range of 10 meter
NETWORK EVOLUTION:
*cables ➝ optical fiber ➝ wireless access ➝ bluetooth ➝ Wi-Fi ➝ WIMAX ➝ GI-FI
Disadvantages of bluetooth and Wi-Fi:
*BIT rates of bluetooth is 800 kbps and Wi-Fi has maximum 11 Mbps
*Both are having power consumption 5 MW and 10 MW
*lower frequency of operation ie 2.4 GHz
FEATURES:
*high speed of data transfer
*high security
*small size
*low power consumption
*cost effective
*highly portable , high mobility
 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGY:
*transmit multiple signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission paths within separate frequency to avoid interference
For the communication among the different computer devices which include telephones and PDA , it supports Millimeter -Wave wireless PAN (private area network) 

The main component of a GI-FI system is its subscriber station which is available to several access point . It support standard of IEEE 802.3C which uses small antenna at the subscriber station 

IEEE 802.11ay wireless technology: Next-gen 60GHz WiFi

A new standard for 60GHz Wi-Fi goes beyond 802.11ad wireless speed & range

A new standard for high speed multi-gigabit WiFi is emerging.  Though products based on the IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) standard have really only begun rolling out, an effort to deliver an enhancement called IEEE 802.11ay that promises to deliver faster and longer range Wi-Fi networks is gaining steam.

The up-coming 802.11ay is as an enhancement of 802.11ad in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter wave band of spectrum, and should be a natural upgrade. The upgrade will offer significant speed and range improvements.

CableFree WiFi Logo

Technical Summary

802.11ay is a type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set of WLANs. It will have a frequency of 60 GHz, a transmission rate of 20–40 Gbit/s and an extended transmission distance of 300–500 meters. It has also been noted that it is likely to have mechanisms for channel bonding and MU-MIMO technologies. It is expected to be released in 2017. 802.11ay will not be a new type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set, but will simply be an improvement on 802.11ad.

Where 802.11ad uses a maximum of 2.16 GHz bandwidth, 802.11ay bonds four of those channels together for a maximum bandwidth of 8.64 GHz. MIMO is also added with a maximum of 4 streams. The link-rate per stream is 44Gbit/s, with four streams this goes up to 176Gbit/s. Higher order modulation is also added, probably up to 256-QAM.   802.11ay applications could include replacement for Ethernet and other cables within offices or homes, and provide backhaul connectivity outside for service providers.

What is the difference between ad and ay?

The 802.11ad standard was published in 2012 and the technology gives devices access to the unlicensed and relatively unclogged 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum band for multimedia streaming, VR headset connectivity, computer-to-monitor wireless links and other apps that don’t require more than say 30 or 40 feet of unimpeded space. It has been adopted by chipmakers as well as vendors of routers, access points and other devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance runs a WiGig certification program for vendors, and the early 11ad gear on the market most commonly supports data transfer rates of 4.6Gbps – way faster than 802.11n and 11ac, but more limited in range and unable to penetrate solid objects.

The backwards compatible 802.11ay amendment to 802.11ad is designed to boost speeds several-fold. That initially would amount to a transmission rate of 20 to 30Gbps and a range of 33 to 100 feet with 11ay-to-11ay device setups, but once channel bonding, MIMO and other capabilities are exploited, you could be getting closer to 200Gbps and reaching distances approaching 1,000 feet, according to industry players.

11ay, as the specs are being developed, “is really allowing for a wider range of products than you’d get with ad, which has one set of data rates that everyone supports… ay has a lot more parameters to play with in channel bonding, MIMO and features at the MAC level to allow a far greater range of performance and products” according to one chipset vendor.

Other up-coming Fast WiFi standards: 802.11ax

IEEE 802.11ay 60GHz networking

Users should not confuse 802.11ay with 802.11ax, which will work in the 2.5 and 5 GHz bands.  The lower frequency bands for 11ax will penetrate walls.  11ay will not.

What will 802.11ay be used for?

It remains to be seen how soon the high speeds of 11ay will really be needed for internal uses, as 802.11ac — including Wave 2 products — are already pretty robust. But experts say that if 11ad doesn’t quite do it for you given its distance limitations, “11ay will finally be the technology that would let you snip that Ethernet cord – you no longer have to run Ethernet cables to everyone’s desk… there’s enough wireless bandwidth in ay.”

Many are enthusiastic about 802.1ay’s potential as a fixed point-to-point or point-to-multipoint outdoor backhaul technology, especially in light of scaled back fiber rollout plans by providers like Google and Verizon in the face of extraordinary costs associated with such implementations. “I’m more bullish on using ad & ay for backhaul (instead of mesh) in the case of campus & city networks — provided that it has a useful range” according to one industry expert

But it’s possible that 802.11ay could find a role in internal mesh and backbone networks as well as for other uses such as providing connectivity to VR headsets, supporting server backups and handling cloud applications that require low latency. “I believe that eventually, there will be enterprise applications for this – but it’s probably a few years into the future, given that we will have 802.11ax fairly soon & because there’s still a lot of 5 GHz band available for that (and ac).

When will 802.11ay become reality?

The 802.11ay task group had its initial meeting in 2015 and the spec only hit the Draft 0.1 stage in January. Though it is expected to reach Draft 1.0 by July 2017, according to the IEEE task group. If that mark is hit, expect pre-standard 11ay products to start rolling out within a year of that time.

Who is behind 802.11ay?

The IEEE task force leading the 11ay work includes representatives from major equipment and chipsets vendors.  The group states its goal as this: “Task Group ay is expected to develop an amendment that defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802,11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data service access point), while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station. This amendment also defines operations for license-exempt bands above 45 GHz while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy directional multi-gigabit stations (defined by IEEE 802.11ad-2012 amendment) operating in the same band.”