ROBO-BEE

"RoboBee" is an aerial-to-aquatic robot that weighs just six-thousandths of an ounce (175 milligrams). These bots were first reported in 2014 in the journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, when — after 12 years of trying — Harvard roboticists finally got the tiny, fly-inspired devices to flutter. Since then, they've been adding functions. Now, they've made a robot that can swim and fly.

The goal of the RoboBee project is to make a fully autonomous swarm of flying robots for applications such as search and rescue and artificial pollination. To make this feasible, researchers need to figure out how to get power supply and decision making functions, which are currently supplied to the robot via a tiny tether, on board.


RoboBee's wingspan is 3 centimeters (1.2 in), which is believed to be the smallest man-made wingspan to achieve flight. The wings can flap 120 times per second and be controlled remotely in real time. Each RoboBee weighs 80 milligrams (0.0028 oz).


"This is the first microrobot capable of repeatedly moving in and through complex environments," Yufeng Chen, who co-authored a paper describing the new technology while a graduate student at Harvard University. "We designed new mechanisms that allow the vehicle to directly transition from water to air, something that is beyond what nature can achieve in the insect world." [7 Cool Animal-Inspired Technologies]

Modified BeeBot

The challenge of making this transition had to do with the viscosity of water versus air. RoboBee needed to be able to alter its wing-flapping rate so that it could flutter much faster in air than in water. (If the wings tried to flutter as fast in water as they needed for flight, they'd break off due to the greater viscosity of water.) The wing size also had to be appropriate for both mediums.

The researchers ended up developing a bot that can switch from flapping at a frequency of about 300 hertz in the air to only around 13 hertz in the water.

The bee robot also needed to be able to get out of the water again. This proved tricky, because the surface tension of the water — the forces that hold water molecules to each other — easily overwhelmed the tiny robot, which is about the size of a paperclip. To power it through, the researchers added four outrigger floats, which kept the robot buoyant at the surface. They also equipped it with a central electrolyte plate that can convert water into oxyhydrogen. This oxyhydrogen acts as a fuel that blasts the bot out of the water onto the nearest solid surface.

"By modifying the vehicle design, we are now able to lift more than three times the payload of the previous RoboBee," Chen said.

Multifunctional microbots

The RoboBee can't fly immediately after leaving the water because it lacks onboard sensors that tell it what medium it's in and doesn't yet have sufficient motion-tracking for the fast feedback needed for self-control. The team plans to add these features in future iterations.

"While flying, the robot feels as if it is treading water; while swimming, it feels like it is surrounded by molasses," Wood said in a statement. "The force from surface tension feels like an impenetrable wall. These small robots give us the opportunity to explore these non-intuitive phenomena in a very rich way."

Inspired by the biology of a fly, with submillimeter-scale anatomy and two wafer-thin wings that flap at 120 times per second, robotic insects, or RoboBees, achieve vertical takeoff, hovering, and steering. The tiny robots flap their wings using piezoelectric actuators — strips of ceramic that expand and contract when an electric field is applied. Thin hinges of plastic embedded within a carbon fiber body frame serve as joints, and a delicately balanced control system commands the rotational motions in the flapping-wing robot, with each wing controlled independently in real-time. Applications of RoboBees could include distributed environmental monitoring, search-and-rescue operations, and assistance with crop pollination. Credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University.

The new research appeared in the journal Science Robotics on Oct. 25

you can watch videos on youtube (use the following link)
https://youtu.be/dEbLeuUIaHI
https://youtu.be/4xuIErOk2h0

[GI-FI TECHNOLOGY

GI-FI is abbreviated as Gigabit Fidelity or Gigabit wireless.It consists of a chip which has 60 GHz configuration and the facility to deliver short range multi -gigabit data transfer in a local environment and ten times faster as compared to other technologies such as Wi-Fi ,bluetooth etc.

specification authority:NICTA(National Information and Communications Technology  Australia Ltd)

     GI-FI:
INTRODUCTION:
*Gigabit wireless technology operates on 60GHz
*GI-FI allows wireless transfers of audio and data upto 5giga bit per second
*GI-FI is ten times the current maximum wireless transfer within a range of 10 meter
NETWORK EVOLUTION:
*cables ➝ optical fiber ➝ wireless access ➝ bluetooth ➝ Wi-Fi ➝ WIMAX ➝ GI-FI
Disadvantages of bluetooth and Wi-Fi:
*BIT rates of bluetooth is 800 kbps and Wi-Fi has maximum 11 Mbps
*Both are having power consumption 5 MW and 10 MW
*lower frequency of operation ie 2.4 GHz
FEATURES:
*high speed of data transfer
*high security
*small size
*low power consumption
*cost effective
*highly portable , high mobility
 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGY:
*transmit multiple signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission paths within separate frequency to avoid interference
For the communication among the different computer devices which include telephones and PDA , it supports Millimeter -Wave wireless PAN (private area network) 

The main component of a GI-FI system is its subscriber station which is available to several access point . It support standard of IEEE 802.3C which uses small antenna at the subscriber station 

IEEE 802.11ay wireless technology: Next-gen 60GHz WiFi

A new standard for 60GHz Wi-Fi goes beyond 802.11ad wireless speed & range

A new standard for high speed multi-gigabit WiFi is emerging.  Though products based on the IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) standard have really only begun rolling out, an effort to deliver an enhancement called IEEE 802.11ay that promises to deliver faster and longer range Wi-Fi networks is gaining steam.

The up-coming 802.11ay is as an enhancement of 802.11ad in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter wave band of spectrum, and should be a natural upgrade. The upgrade will offer significant speed and range improvements.

CableFree WiFi Logo

Technical Summary

802.11ay is a type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set of WLANs. It will have a frequency of 60 GHz, a transmission rate of 20–40 Gbit/s and an extended transmission distance of 300–500 meters. It has also been noted that it is likely to have mechanisms for channel bonding and MU-MIMO technologies. It is expected to be released in 2017. 802.11ay will not be a new type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set, but will simply be an improvement on 802.11ad.

Where 802.11ad uses a maximum of 2.16 GHz bandwidth, 802.11ay bonds four of those channels together for a maximum bandwidth of 8.64 GHz. MIMO is also added with a maximum of 4 streams. The link-rate per stream is 44Gbit/s, with four streams this goes up to 176Gbit/s. Higher order modulation is also added, probably up to 256-QAM.   802.11ay applications could include replacement for Ethernet and other cables within offices or homes, and provide backhaul connectivity outside for service providers.

What is the difference between ad and ay?

The 802.11ad standard was published in 2012 and the technology gives devices access to the unlicensed and relatively unclogged 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum band for multimedia streaming, VR headset connectivity, computer-to-monitor wireless links and other apps that don’t require more than say 30 or 40 feet of unimpeded space. It has been adopted by chipmakers as well as vendors of routers, access points and other devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance runs a WiGig certification program for vendors, and the early 11ad gear on the market most commonly supports data transfer rates of 4.6Gbps – way faster than 802.11n and 11ac, but more limited in range and unable to penetrate solid objects.

The backwards compatible 802.11ay amendment to 802.11ad is designed to boost speeds several-fold. That initially would amount to a transmission rate of 20 to 30Gbps and a range of 33 to 100 feet with 11ay-to-11ay device setups, but once channel bonding, MIMO and other capabilities are exploited, you could be getting closer to 200Gbps and reaching distances approaching 1,000 feet, according to industry players.

11ay, as the specs are being developed, “is really allowing for a wider range of products than you’d get with ad, which has one set of data rates that everyone supports… ay has a lot more parameters to play with in channel bonding, MIMO and features at the MAC level to allow a far greater range of performance and products” according to one chipset vendor.

Other up-coming Fast WiFi standards: 802.11ax

IEEE 802.11ay 60GHz networking

Users should not confuse 802.11ay with 802.11ax, which will work in the 2.5 and 5 GHz bands.  The lower frequency bands for 11ax will penetrate walls.  11ay will not.

What will 802.11ay be used for?

It remains to be seen how soon the high speeds of 11ay will really be needed for internal uses, as 802.11ac — including Wave 2 products — are already pretty robust. But experts say that if 11ad doesn’t quite do it for you given its distance limitations, “11ay will finally be the technology that would let you snip that Ethernet cord – you no longer have to run Ethernet cables to everyone’s desk… there’s enough wireless bandwidth in ay.”

Many are enthusiastic about 802.1ay’s potential as a fixed point-to-point or point-to-multipoint outdoor backhaul technology, especially in light of scaled back fiber rollout plans by providers like Google and Verizon in the face of extraordinary costs associated with such implementations. “I’m more bullish on using ad & ay for backhaul (instead of mesh) in the case of campus & city networks — provided that it has a useful range” according to one industry expert

But it’s possible that 802.11ay could find a role in internal mesh and backbone networks as well as for other uses such as providing connectivity to VR headsets, supporting server backups and handling cloud applications that require low latency. “I believe that eventually, there will be enterprise applications for this – but it’s probably a few years into the future, given that we will have 802.11ax fairly soon & because there’s still a lot of 5 GHz band available for that (and ac).

When will 802.11ay become reality?

The 802.11ay task group had its initial meeting in 2015 and the spec only hit the Draft 0.1 stage in January. Though it is expected to reach Draft 1.0 by July 2017, according to the IEEE task group. If that mark is hit, expect pre-standard 11ay products to start rolling out within a year of that time.

Who is behind 802.11ay?

The IEEE task force leading the 11ay work includes representatives from major equipment and chipsets vendors.  The group states its goal as this: “Task Group ay is expected to develop an amendment that defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802,11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data service access point), while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station. This amendment also defines operations for license-exempt bands above 45 GHz while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy directional multi-gigabit stations (defined by IEEE 802.11ad-2012 amendment) operating in the same band.”

IS SHADOW CAN MOVE FASTER THAN LIGHT ?

Is the speed of light is the maximum speed possible.Actually,motion faster than light is exist and is rather common. nature only constrains the motion of mass and energy . However non material point and non energy transporting features and images can move faster than light .There are several simple example , to be clear that , we are not taking the proper velocity , which in this case cannot define anyway .The following example show speed that are genuinely higher than the speed of the light in vacuum.

                           
                            At first consider the point at which scissors cut papers ; marked it as X ( it is the intersection point) if the scissors are closed rapidly enough the point will move faster than the speed of light . Assume a scissors with it`s blade 1.2 million meter long now as the blade will merge the closed point of contact will also move forward . Now assume the blade will totally merged at the time of 2 second so at this time the end point of contact as say X will move 1.2 million meters . So it is move 0.6 million meters in 1 second which is twice the speed of light as we know light will move almost 0.3 million meters per second.
   

                            Now take the example of the speed of the shadow , which is sometimes called the speed of the darkness . Both shadow and darkness can move faster than light . In fact there is no limit of there speed. Light travel at the fastest speed possible for a physical object . Darkness is erased when light  appears and return when light leaves .The speed of dark thus the speed of light but there are other types of darkness which can move faster than light speed.
                         

                            Across a distance a shadow can become much larger than the object creating it but still mimic it`s sources moving in the same way for the same amount of time .So when a shadow is bigger than the object creating it , it moves a greater distance when the object moves but in the same amount of time .

                            Make a shadow large enough and it can move faster than the speed of light  across a surface , but it`s not a easy task . If you are on earth and can cast a shadow onto the surface of moon , that pointed from say point A to point B on the moon surface and then you move your finger . So that the shadow moved from point A to point B . Your finger only move a few centimeters in a fraction of second but the shadow that cast on the moon would move thousand of kilometers in the same amount of time . Ultimately we can say that in a second the shadow can move  faster than light .     

HOW FAR CAN YOU MOVE WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME

  

Is there any kind of limit of humanity.Let`s imag
ine about it. . 

We all like to travel to a place which gives us pleasure.Most of the people travel various places in their entire life, for someone it become her/his hobby.But how many of you imagine about interstellar trip.There may be some kind of limitation for us in case of interstellar trip.  

                     We all know there are most of places of an atom remain empty.So in very small scale we can say that there are very long distance in between elementary particle also. Similar way there are various planet are various thousand miles away from each other.

                     We all know that due to the some certain energy our universe goes on expanding. due to this reason our space time goes on expanding. we all know that there are four fundamental forces  in nature, there are - Gravitational force, Electromagnetic force,Strong nuclear force, Weak nuclear force. Among this forces the gravitational force are known as the oldest force of nature in respect to the big bang.After the big bang the gravitational force dominant in some region due to which reason our solar system or we can say the galaxy is exit at that moment.But in the other region the unknown force show it`s dominant . So as a result there are million of light years of distance between two galaxies. Andromeda galaxy is the nearest galaxy of the milky way galaxy which is almost 2.5 million light years away.As the expansion rate of the universe goes on accelerate so one day it may be cross the speed of light , so at that moment we cannot see any stars of our neighborhood galaxies . As gravity dominant in our galaxies so it is not effect the distance between planets of our galaxy to much.

                      Imagine at that moment scientist made a very high tech space ship and want to travel to our neighborhood galaxy but can we do that . No we cannot because at that moment when we leave our galaxy we are out of the gravitational interaction of our planet and enter the region in between galaxy where the unknown energy dominant . As we cannot move faster than the speed of light but as the expansion rate is faster than the light so we trapped in a region and cannot move to our destination. At that moment if we want to move to our own galaxy we cannot do it also .

                     

                        Now think that the speed of our space ship is infinite and also the expansion rate is infinite . At that moment if we are in the region in between two galaxy where gravity is weak than what will happen?(∞ -∞ =∞ remember this )